<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Promethium</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.math.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/mediawiki.page.gallery.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Promethium rootpage-Promethium skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Promethium</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="float-right infobox wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:310px; max-width:400px;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; font-size:120%; color:#202122;">Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center;">
<div id="table" style="position:relative;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="margin:auto; background-color:color:var(--color-inverted, #FFFFFF); color:var(--color-base, #000000); text-align:center; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:separate; border-style:hidden;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 1: Wasserstoff (H), Nichtmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="30">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Helium" title="Helium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 2: Helium (He), Edelgas"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 3: Lithium (Li), Alkalimetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 4: Beryllium (Be), Erdalkalimetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bor" title="Bor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 5: Bor (B), Halbmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 6: Kohlenstoff (C), Nichtmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 7: Stickstoff (N), Nichtmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 8: Sauerstoff (O), Nichtmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 9: Fluor (F), Halogen"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neon" title="Neon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 10: Neon (Ne), Edelgas"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 11: Natrium (Na), Alkalimetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 12: Magnesium (Mg), Erdalkalimetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 13: Aluminium (Al), Metall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 14: Silicium (Si), Halbmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 15: Phosphor (P), Nichtmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 16: Schwefel (S), Nichtmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Chlor" title="Chlor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 17: Chlor (Cl), Halogen"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Argon" title="Argon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 18: Argon (Ar), Edelgas"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 19: Kalium (K), Alkalimetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 20: Calcium (Ca), Erdalkalimetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 21: Scandium (Sc), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 22: Titan (Ti), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 23: Vanadium (V), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 24: Chrom (Cr), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 25: Mangan (Mn), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Eisen" title="Eisen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 26: Eisen (Fe), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 27: Cobalt (Co), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 28: Nickel (Ni), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 29: Kupfer (Cu), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zink" title="Zink"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 30: Zink (Zn), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 31: Gallium (Ga), Metall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 32: Germanium (Ge), Halbmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 33: Arsen (As), Halbmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Selen" title="Selen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 34: Selen (Se), Halbmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Brom" title="Brom"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 35: Brom (Br), Halogen"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 36: Krypton (Kr), Edelgas"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 37: Rubidium (Rb), Alkalimetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 38: Strontium (Sr), Erdalkalimetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 39: Yttrium (Y), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 40: Zirconium (Zr), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Niob" title="Niob"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 41: Niob (Nb), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 42: Molybdän (Mo), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 43: Technetium (Tc), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 44: Ruthenium (Ru), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 45: Rhodium (Rh), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 46: Palladium (Pd), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Silber" title="Silber"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 47: Silber (Ag), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 48: Cadmium (Cd), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Indium" title="Indium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 49: Indium (In), Metall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 50: Zinn (Sn), Metall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 51: Antimon (Sb), Halbmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 52: Tellur (Te), Halbmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Iod" title="Iod"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 53: Iod (I), Halogen"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 54: Xenon (Xe), Edelgas"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 55: Caesium (Cs), Alkalimetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Barium" title="Barium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 56: Barium (Ba), Erdalkalimetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 57: Lanthan (La), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cer" title="Cer"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 58: Cer (Ce), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 59: Praseodym (Pr), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 60: Neodym (Nd), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum; border:2px solid #72777D; margin:-1px"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 61: Promethium (Pm), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 62: Samarium (Sm), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Europium" title="Europium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 63: Europium (Eu), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 64: Gadolinium (Gd), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 65: Terbium (Tb), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 66: Dysprosium (Dy), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 67: Holmium (Ho), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 68: Erbium (Er), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 69: Thulium (Tm), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 70: Ytterbium (Yb), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 71: Lutetium (Lu), Lanthanoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 72: Hafnium (Hf), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 73: Tantal (Ta), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 74: Wolfram (W), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 75: Rhenium (Re), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 76: Osmium (Os), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 77: Iridium (Ir), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Platin" title="Platin"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 78: Platin (Pt), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gold" title="Gold"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 79: Gold (Au), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 80: Quecksilber (Hg), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 81: Thallium (Tl), Metall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Blei" title="Blei"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 82: Blei (Pb), Metall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 83: Bismut (Bi), Metall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 84: Polonium (Po), Metall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Astat" title="Astat"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 85: Astat (At), Halogen"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Radon" title="Radon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 86: Radon (Rn), Edelgas"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Francium" title="Francium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 87: Francium (Fr), Alkalimetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Radium" title="Radium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 88: Radium (Ra), Erdalkalimetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 89: Actinium (Ac), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 90: Thorium (Th), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 91: Protactinium (Pa), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Uran" title="Uran"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 92: Uran (U), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 93: Neptunium (Np), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 94: Plutonium (Pu), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Americium" title="Americium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 95: Americium (Am), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Curium" title="Curium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 96: Curium (Cm), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 97: Berkelium (Bk), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 98: Californium (Cf), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 99: Einsteinium (Es), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 100: Fermium (Fm), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 101: Mendelevium (Md), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 102: Nobelium (No), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 103: Lawrencium (Lr), Actinoid"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 104: Rutherfordium (Rf), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 105: Dubnium (Db), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 106: Seaborgium (Sg), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 107: Bohrium (Bh), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 108: Hassium (Hs), Übergangsmetall"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 109: Meitnerium (Mt), unbekannt"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 110: Darmstadtium (Ds), unbekannt"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 111: Roentgenium (Rg), unbekannt"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 112: Copernicium (Cn), unbekannt"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 113: Nihonium (Nh), unbekannt"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 114: Flerovium (Fl), unbekannt"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 115: Moscovium (Mc), unbekannt"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 116: Livermorium (Lv), unbekannt"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 117: Tenness (Ts), unbekannt"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 118: Oganesson (Og), unbekannt"> </span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div id="text0" style="font-size:12px; position:absolute; top:5px; left:50%; margin-left:-125px;line-height:120%;">[<a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4<a href="F-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Orbital">f</a><sup>5</sup> 6<a href="S-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Orbital">s</a><sup>2</sup></div>
<div style="position:absolute; top:5px; left:45%; margin-left:20px;line-height:120%;"><span id="text2" style="font-size:10px; vertical-align: sub;">61</span><span id="text3" style="font-size:20px; font-weight:bold;">Pm</span></div>
<div style="font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a></div></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; color:#202122;">Allgemein
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Chemisches_Element#Sortierte_Liste_chemischer_Elemente" title="Chemisches Element">Name</a>, <a href="Elementsymbol" title="Elementsymbol">Symbol</a>, <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">Promethium, Pm, 61
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elementkategorie" title="Elementkategorie">Elementkategorie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoide</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Gruppe_des_Periodensystems" title="Gruppe des Periodensystems">Gruppe</a>, <a href="Periode_des_Periodensystems" title="Periode des Periodensystems">Periode</a>, <a href="Block_des_Periodensystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Block des Periodensystems">Block</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">La</a>, <a href="Chemische_Elemente_der_sechsten_Periode" title="Chemische Elemente der sechsten Periode">6</a>, <a href="Periodensystem#Block" title="Periodensystem">f</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Aussehen
</td>
<td>metallisch
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td>
<p><span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-12-2">7440-12-2</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td>231-121-9
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.292">100.028.292</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Massenanteil an der <a href="Erdh%C3%BClle" title="Erdhülle">Erdhülle</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">1,5 · 10<sup>−15</sup> ppm<sup id="cite_ref-Binder_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; color:#202122;">Atomar<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Atommasse" title="Atommasse">Atommasse</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">(<sup>147</sup>Pm) 146,9151 <a href="Atomare_Masseneinheit" title="Atomare Masseneinheit">u</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Atomradius" title="Atomradius">Atomradius</a> (berechnet)
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">185 (205) <a href="Pikometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikometer">pm</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kovalenter_Radius" title="Kovalenter Radius">Kovalenter Radius</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">199 pm
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektronenkonfiguration" title="Elektronenkonfiguration">Elektronenkonfiguration</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4<a href="F-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Orbital">f</a><sup>5</sup> 6<a href="S-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Orbital">s</a><sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1. <a href="Ionisierungsenergie" title="Ionisierungsenergie">Ionisierungsenergie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r198372224">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-1000::after{content:"."}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus>span,.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec>span{position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus::after{content:"−"}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec::after{content:","}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-fractpart{margin-right:0.2em}
/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style>5<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>58187(4) <a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-promethium_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-promethium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap">538<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>1 <a href="Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a>/<a href="Mol" title="Mol">mol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-promethium_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-promethium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">10<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>938(20) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-promethium_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-promethium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">1</span>055<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>4 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-promethium_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-promethium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">22<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>44(8) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-promethium_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-promethium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">2</span>170 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-promethium_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-promethium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">41<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>17(9) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-promethium_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-promethium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">3</span>970 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-promethium_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-promethium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>5. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">61<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>7(3) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-promethium_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-promethium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">5</span>950 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-promethium_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-promethium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; color:#202122;">Physikalisch<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand">Aggregatzustand</a>
</td>
<td>fest
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">7,2 g/cm<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Binder_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (25 <a href="Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelzpunkt</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">1353 <a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1080<sup id="cite_ref-Weigel_577_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weigel_577-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> °C)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Siedepunkt" title="Siedepunkt">Siedepunkt</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">3273 K<sup id="cite_ref-Weigel_578_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weigel_578-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (3000 °C)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Molares_Volumen" title="Molares Volumen">Molares Volumen</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">20,10 · 10<sup>−6</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Binder_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> m<sup>3</sup>·mol<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Verdampfungsenthalpie" title="Verdampfungsenthalpie">Verdampfungsenthalpie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">290 kJ/mol
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzenthalpie" title="Schmelzenthalpie">Schmelzenthalpie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">7,7 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektrische_Leitf%C3%A4higkeit" title="Elektrische Leitfähigkeit">Elektrische Leitfähigkeit</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">1,33 · 10<sup>6</sup> <a href="Siemens_(Einheit)" title="Siemens (Einheit)">S</a>·m<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="W%C3%A4rmeleitf%C3%A4higkeit" title="Wärmeleitfähigkeit">Wärmeleitfähigkeit</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">15 <a href="Watt_(Einheit)" title="Watt (Einheit)">W</a>·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; color:#202122;">Chemisch<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Oxidationszahl" title="Oxidationszahl">Oxidationszustände</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">+3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektrodenpotential#Normalpotential" title="Elektrodenpotential">Normalpotential</a>
</td>
<td>−2,423 <a href="Volt" title="Volt">V</a> (Pm<sup>3+</sup> + 3 e<sup>−</sup> → Pm)<sup id="cite_ref-Binder_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; color:#202122;">Isotope
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="wikitable center darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:#202122; border:hidden; margin:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><a href="Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Isotopenverh%C3%A4ltnis" title="Isotopenverhältnis">NH</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">t<sub>1/2</sub></a>
</td>
<td><a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t#Zerfallsarten" title="Radioaktivität">ZA</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Zerfallsenergie" title="Zerfallsenergie">ZE</a> (M<a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a>)
</td>
<td><a href="Zerfallsprodukt_(Radioaktivit%C3%A4t)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerfallsprodukt (Radioaktivität)">ZP</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>143</sup>Pm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>265 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a>
</td>
<td>1,041
</td>
<td><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym"><sup>143</sup>Nd</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>144</sup>Pm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>363 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a>
</td>
<td>2,332
</td>
<td><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym"><sup>144</sup>Nd</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>145</sup>Pm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">17,7 <a href="Jahr" title="Jahr">a</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a>
</td>
<td>2,322
</td>
<td><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym"><sup>145</sup>Nd</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Alphastrahlung" title="Alphastrahlung">α</a>
</td>
<td>0,163
</td>
<td><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym"><sup>141</sup>Pr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>146</sup>Pm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">5,53 <a href="Jahr" title="Jahr">a</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a>
</td>
<td>1,472
</td>
<td><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym"><sup>146</sup>Nd</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>1,542
</td>
<td><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium"><sup>146</sup>Sm</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>147</sup>Pm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap">100 %
</td>
<td>2,6234 <a href="Jahr" title="Jahr">a</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>0,224
</td>
<td><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium"><sup>147</sup>Sm</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>148</sup>Pm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>5,370 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>2,468
</td>
<td><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium"><sup>148</sup>Sm</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>149</sup>Pm<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>53,08 <a href="Stunde" title="Stunde">h</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>1,071
</td>
<td><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium"><sup>149</sup>Sm</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:#202122;">Weitere Isotope siehe <a href="Liste_der_Isotope/Ordnungszahl_61_bis_Ordnungszahl_70#61_Promethium" title="Liste der Isotope/Ordnungszahl 61 bis Ordnungszahl 70">Liste der Isotope</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Plum; color:#202122;">Gefahren- und Sicherheitshinweise
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-top:7px; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span style="line-height:1.1em;"><b><a href="Radioaktiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktiv">Radioaktiv</a></b></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="width:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien" title="Global harmonisiertes System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien">GHS-Gefahrstoffkennzeichnung</a></b><br><i>keine Einstufung verfügbar</i><sup id="cite_ref-NV_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NV-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background:Plum; line-height:1.2em; text-align:center; color:#202122; font-size:smaller;">Wenn nicht anders vermerkt, gelten die angegebenen Daten bei <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a>.
</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>Promethium</b> (von <a href="Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, einem <a href="Titan_(Mythologie)" title="Titan (Mythologie)">Titanen</a> der <a href="Griechische_Mythologie" title="Griechische Mythologie">griechischen Mythologie</a>) ist ein <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">chemisches Element</a> mit dem <a href="Elementsymbol" title="Elementsymbol">Elementsymbol</a> Pm und der <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a> 61. Im <a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> steht es in der Gruppe der <a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoide</a> und zählt damit auch zu den <a href="Metalle_der_Seltenen_Erden" title="Metalle der Seltenen Erden">Metallen der Seltenen Erden</a>. Promethium wurde 1945 als Spaltprodukt des Urans entdeckt. Durch seine Entdeckung wurde die letzte Lücke im Periodensystem geschlossen.
</p><p>Promethium (Z = 61) besitzt keine stabilen Isotope, alle seine Isotope sind instabil und zerfallen.
Zusammen mit <a href="Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> (Z = 43) ist es das einzige Element, das unterhalb von <a href="Bismut" title="Bismut">Bismut</a> (Z = 83) keine stabilen Isotope aufweist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behauptete_Entdeckungen">Behauptete Entdeckungen</h3></div>
<p>Zum ersten Mal wurde eine Entdeckung durch die italienischen Wissenschaftler Luigi Rolla und Lorenzo Fernandes aus Florenz gemeldet. Nach der Trennung eines <a href="Didym" title="Didym">Didym</a>-Nitrat-Konzentrats durch fraktionierte Kristallisation aus dem brasilianischen Mineral <a href="Monazit" title="Monazit">Monazit</a>, welches zu 70 % Dysprosium und Neodym sowie zu 30 % aus den anderen Lanthanoiden besteht, erhielten sie eine Lösung, die hauptsächlich Samarium enthielt. Diese Lösung ergab Röntgenspektren, die sie als Samarium und Element 61 interpretierten. Sie benannten das Element 61 zu Ehren ihrer Stadt <i>Florentium</i>. Die Ergebnisse wurden im Jahr 1926 veröffentlicht, doch die Wissenschaftler behaupteten, dass die Experimente im Jahr 1924 durchgeführt worden seien.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Im selben Jahr 1926 veröffentlichten auch Smith Hopkins und Len Yntema an <a href="University_of_Illinois_in_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign</a> die Entdeckung des Elements 61. Sie nannten es nach der Universität <i>Illinium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Keine der beiden Veröffentlichungen konnte bestätigt werden. So behaupteten mehrere Gruppen, das Element erzeugt zu haben, aber die Überprüfung ihrer Entdeckungen schlug aufgrund der Schwierigkeiten bei der Trennung von Promethium von den anderen Elementen fehl.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nachweis_durch_Marinsky,_Glendenin_und_Coryell"><span id="Nachweis_durch_Marinsky.2C_Glendenin_und_Coryell"></span>Nachweis durch Marinsky, Glendenin und Coryell</h3></div>
<p>Promethium wurde 1945 im <a href="Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (ORNL) (<a href="Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="Vereinigte_Staaten" title="Vereinigte Staaten">USA</a>) von <a href="Jacob_A._Marinsky" title="Jacob A. Marinsky">Jacob A. Marinsky</a>, <a href="Lawrence_E._Glendenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence E. Glendenin">Lawrence E. Glendenin</a> und <a href="Charles_D._Coryell" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles D. Coryell">Charles D. Coryell</a> als Spaltprodukt des <a href="Uran" title="Uran">Urans</a> entdeckt. Bedingt durch die militärischen Forschungen während des <a href="Zweiter_Weltkrieg" title="Zweiter Weltkrieg">Zweiten Weltkriegs</a> wurde ihre Entdeckung erst 1947 veröffentlicht.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den Namen Promethium wählten sie in Anlehnung an den griechischen Titanen Prometheus, der den Menschen das Feuer brachte und so den Zorn der Götter erweckte. Dies war als Warnung an die Menschheit gedacht, die zu diesem Zeitpunkt mit dem <a href="Wettr%C3%BCsten" title="Wettrüsten">nuklearen Wettrüsten</a> begann. Der Name wurde von Grace Mary Coryell, Charles Coryells Frau, vorgeschlagen.
</p>
<ul class="left gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Jacob A. Marinsky</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Lawrence E. Glendenin</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Charles D. Coryell</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vorkommen">Vorkommen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irdisches_Vorkommen">Irdisches Vorkommen</h3></div>
<p>In der Natur findet sich Promethium zumeist als Produkt der <a href="Spontanspaltung" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontanspaltung">Spontanspaltung</a> von <a href="Uran" title="Uran">Uran</a> sowie durch <a href="Alphazerfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphazerfall">Alphazerfall</a> des <a href="Europium" title="Europium">Europiumisotops</a> <sup>151</sup>Eu. In Spuren findet sich das Isotop <sup>147</sup>Pm in <a href="Pechblende" class="mw-redirect" title="Pechblende">Pechblende</a> mit (4±1) · 10<sup>−15</sup> g/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das gesamte Vorkommen von Promethium in der Erdkruste beträgt etwa 560 g durch Uranspaltung und etwa 12 g durch Alphazerfall von <sup>151</sup>Eu.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Spontanspaltung von Uran:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{\ 92}^{238}{\rm {U}}\ {\xrightarrow {sf}}{}\ _{\ 57}^{147}{\rm {La}}\ +\ {}_{35}^{89}{\rm {Br}}\ +\ 2{}_{0}^{1}{\rm {n}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>92</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>238</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<mi>s</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
</mpadded>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>57</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>147</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>+</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>35</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>89</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>+</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>2</mn>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{\ 92}^{238}{\rm {U}}\ {\xrightarrow {sf}}{}\ _{\ 57}^{147}{\rm {La}}\ +\ {}_{35}^{89}{\rm {Br}}\ +\ 2{}_{0}^{1}{\rm {n}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2284e0d4840d673d25c34b26df37a66d97e7423e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.327ex; width:29.861ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{\ 92}^{238}{\rm {U}}\ \xrightarrow {sf} {}\ _{\ 57}^{147}{\rm {La}}\ +\ {}_{35}^{89}{\rm {Br}}\ +\ 2{}_{0}^{1}{\rm {n}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{147}_{\ 57}La\ {\xrightarrow[{{4,015}\ s}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 58}^{147}Ce\ {\xrightarrow[{{56,4}\ s}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 59}^{147}Pr\ {\xrightarrow[{{13,4}\ min}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 60}^{147}Nd\ {\xrightarrow[{{10,98}\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 61}^{147}Pm\ {\xrightarrow[{{2,6234}\ a}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 62}^{147}Sm\ {\xrightarrow[{{1,06}\ \cdot \ {10^{11}}\ a}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 60}^{143}Nd} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>57</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>147</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>015</mn>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mpadded>
</munderover>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>58</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>147</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>56</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mpadded>
</munderover>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>59</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>147</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mpadded>
</munderover>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>60</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>147</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>98</mn>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mpadded>
</munderover>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>61</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>147</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>6234</mn>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mpadded>
</munderover>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>62</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>147</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>06</mn>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mpadded>
</munderover>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>60</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>143</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{147}_{\ 57}La\ {\xrightarrow[{{4,015}\ s}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 58}^{147}Ce\ {\xrightarrow[{{56,4}\ s}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 59}^{147}Pr\ {\xrightarrow[{{13,4}\ min}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 60}^{147}Nd\ {\xrightarrow[{{10,98}\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 61}^{147}Pm\ {\xrightarrow[{{2,6234}\ a}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 62}^{147}Sm\ {\xrightarrow[{{1,06}\ \cdot \ {10^{11}}\ a}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 60}^{143}Nd} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7920036f85206cffc410e608596e74bbbcd0d531.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.454ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.55ex; width:90.103ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{147}_{\ 57}La\ {\xrightarrow[{{4,015}\ s}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 58}^{147}Ce\ {\xrightarrow[{{56,4}\ s}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 59}^{147}Pr\ {\xrightarrow[{{13,4}\ min}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 60}^{147}Nd\ {\xrightarrow[{{10,98}\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 61}^{147}Pm\ {\xrightarrow[{{2,6234}\ a}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 62}^{147}Sm\ {\xrightarrow[{{1,06}\ \cdot \ {10^{11}}\ a}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 60}^{143}Nd} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Alphazerfall von <sup>151</sup>Eu:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{151}_{\ 63}Eu\ {\xrightarrow[{{5}\ \cdot \ {10^{18}}\ a}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 61}^{147}Pm\ {\xrightarrow[{{2,6234}\ a}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 62}^{147}Sm\ {\xrightarrow[{{1,06}\ \cdot \ {10^{11}}\ a}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 60}^{143}Nd} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>63</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>151</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>18</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mpadded>
</munderover>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>61</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>147</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>6234</mn>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mpadded>
</munderover>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>62</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>147</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>06</mn>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mpadded>
</munderover>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>60</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>143</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{151}_{\ 63}Eu\ {\xrightarrow[{{5}\ \cdot \ {10^{18}}\ a}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 61}^{147}Pm\ {\xrightarrow[{{2,6234}\ a}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 62}^{147}Sm\ {\xrightarrow[{{1,06}\ \cdot \ {10^{11}}\ a}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 60}^{143}Nd} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1464715b125ca605bf9459afb7e59164075c6fbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.454ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.55ex; width:52.949ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{151}_{\ 63}Eu\ {\xrightarrow[{{5}\ \cdot \ {10^{18}}\ a}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 61}^{147}Pm\ {\xrightarrow[{{2,6234}\ a}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 62}^{147}Sm\ {\xrightarrow[{{1,06}\ \cdot \ {10^{11}}\ a}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 60}^{143}Nd} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Außerirdisches_Vorkommen"><span id="Au.C3.9Ferirdisches_Vorkommen"></span>Außerirdisches Vorkommen</h3></div>
<p>Promethium wurde im Jahr 1971 im Spektrum des <a href="Stern" title="Stern">Sterns</a> <a href="HR_465" title="HR 465">HR 465</a> (GY Andromedae) nachgewiesen;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und möglicherweise in HD 101065 (Przybylski's star) und HD 965.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gewinnung_und_Darstellung">Gewinnung und Darstellung</h2></div>
<p>Im Jahr 1963 wurden <a href="Ionenaustauscher" title="Ionenaustauscher">Ionenaustauscher</a>-Methoden im ORNL verwendet, um etwa 10 Gramm Promethium aus den Brennstoffabfällen von Kernreaktoren zu erhalten.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1963 konnte <a href="Fritz_Weigel" title="Fritz Weigel">Fritz Weigel</a> erstmals metallisches Promethium durch Erhitzen von <a href="Promethium(III)-fluorid" title="Promethium(III)-fluorid">Promethium(III)-fluorid</a> (PmF<sub>3</sub>) mit Lithium im Tantal-Tiegel herstellen.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_METALL_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM_METALL-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {PmF3 + 3 Li -> Pm + 3 LiF}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msubsup>
<mtext>PmF</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mtext>Li</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">⟶<!-- ⟶ --></mo>
<mtext>Pm</mtext>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mtext>LiF</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {PmF3 + 3 Li -> Pm + 3 LiF}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/638a69c22fda3fb85af14b2bc6bde8a035135ede.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.202ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {PmF} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{3}}{}+{}3\,\mathrm {Li} {}\mathrel {\longrightarrow } {}\mathrm {Pm} {}+{}3\,\mathrm {LiF} }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Im <a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> steht das Promethium mit der Ordnungszahl 61 in der Reihe der Lanthanoide, sein Vorgänger ist das <a href="Neodym" title="Neodym">Neodym</a>, das nachfolgende Element ist das <a href="Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a>. Sein <a href="Analogon_(Chemie)" title="Analogon (Chemie)">Analogon</a> in der Reihe der <a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Actinoide</a> ist das <a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physikalische_Eigenschaften">Physikalische Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Da das Isotop <sup>147</sup>Pm künstlich als <a href="Spaltprodukt" title="Spaltprodukt">Spaltprodukt</a> in wägbaren Mengen gewonnen werden kann, ist es möglich, die Eigenschaften recht gut zu untersuchen. Promethium ist ein silberweißes <a href="Duktilit%C3%A4t" title="Duktilität">duktiles</a> Schwermetall. Es besitzt einen Schmelzpunkt von 1080 °C<sup id="cite_ref-Weigel_577_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weigel_577-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; für den Siedepunkt gibt es Schätzwerte von 2727 und 3000 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-Weigel_578_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weigel_578-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unter <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a> kristallisiert Promethium in einer <a href="Hexagonales_Kristallsystem" title="Hexagonales Kristallsystem">hexagonal-dichtesten Kugelpackung</a> mit den <a href="Gitterparameter" title="Gitterparameter">Gitterparametern</a> <i>a</i> = 365 <a href="Pikometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikometer">pm</a> und <i>c</i> = 1165 pm mit einer berechneten Dichte von 7,26 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-crystal_structure_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crystal_structure-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemische_Eigenschaften">Chemische Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Das Metall wird an der Luft recht rasch oxidiert und reagiert langsam mit Wasser. Promethium kommt in seinen Verbindungen ausschließlich in der <a href="Oxidationsstufe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidationsstufe">Oxidationsstufe</a> +3 vor ([Xe] 4f<sup>4</sup>). Es gibt dabei die beiden 6s-Elektronen und ein 4f-Elektron ab. Die Lösungen sind violettstichig rosa gefärbt. Es bildet unter anderem ein schwerlösliches <a href="Fluorid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorid">Fluorid</a>, <a href="Oxalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxalat">Oxalat</a> und <a href="Carbonat" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonat">Carbonat</a>.
</p>
<div style="clear:left"></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotope">Isotope</h2></div>
<p>Das langlebigste Isotop ist <sup>145</sup>Pm mit einer Halbwertszeit von 17,7 Jahren, es folgt <sup>146</sup>Pm mit einer Halbwertszeit von 5,53 Jahren und <sup>147</sup>Pm mit 2,6234 Jahren. Letzteres wird zumeist zur Untersuchung verwendet, da es in ausreichenden Mengen als <a href="Spaltprodukt" title="Spaltprodukt">Spaltprodukt</a> entsteht.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung">Verwendung</h2></div>
<p>Aufgrund der kurzlebigen Isotope und der sehr geringen Verfügbarkeit findet dieses Element nur in kleinsten Mengen technische Verwendung. Die wichtigste Anwendung ist die als Betastrahler.
</p><p>Promethium wird in <a href="Betavoltaik" title="Betavoltaik">Betavoltaikbatterien</a> genutzt, deren erste kommerzielle Verwendung der Betrieb eines <a href="Herzschrittmacher" title="Herzschrittmacher">Herzschrittmacheraggregates</a> war. Auch in der Raumfahrt werden sie als Energiequelle in <a href="Satellit_(Raumfahrt)" title="Satellit (Raumfahrt)">Satelliten</a> eingesetzt.
</p><p>Das Element ist eine mögliche mobile Quelle für <a href="R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlung" title="Röntgenstrahlung">Röntgenstrahlung</a>, die zur radiometrischen Dickenmessung verwendet wird.<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Das <a href="Nuklid" title="Nuklid">Nuklid</a> <sup>147</sup>Pm diente außer als Betastrahlenquelle auch als Zusatz für <a href="Leuchtfarbe" title="Leuchtfarbe">Leuchtfarbe</a>, die in Leuchtziffern von Uhren<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und den Zieloptiken von Waffen, wie der <a href="M72_(Waffe)" title="M72 (Waffe)">M72 (LAW)</a> eingesetzt wurde.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbindungen">Verbindungen</h2></div>
<p><i>→ Kategorie: Promethiumverbindung</i>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxide">Oxide</h3></div>
<p><a href="Promethium(III)-oxid" title="Promethium(III)-oxid">Promethium(III)-oxid</a> (Pm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) besitzt drei verschiedene Modifikationen: eine hexagonale A-Form (violettbraun), eine monokline B-Form (violettrosa) und eine kubische C-Form (korallenrot). Der Schmelzpunkt beträgt 2130 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halogenide">Halogenide</h3></div>
<p>Sämtliche Halogenide von Fluor bis Iod sind für die Oxidationsstufe +3 bekannt.
</p><p><a href="Promethium(III)-fluorid" title="Promethium(III)-fluorid">Promethium(III)-fluorid</a> (PmF<sub>3</sub>) ist in Wasser schwerlöslich; man erhält es aus einer salpetersauren Pm<sup>3+</sup>-Lösung durch Zugabe von HF-Lösung, der Niederschlag besitzt eine blassrosa Farbe.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kristallines wasserfreies Promethium(III)-fluorid ist ein violettrosafarbenes Salz<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mit einem Schmelzpunkt von 1338 °C<sup id="cite_ref-HOWI_1942_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOWI_1942-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p><a href="Promethium(III)-chlorid" title="Promethium(III)-chlorid">Promethium(III)-chlorid</a> (PmCl<sub>3</sub>) ist violett und hat einen Schmelzpunkt von 655 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-HOWI_1942_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOWI_1942-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wird PmCl<sub>3</sub> in Gegenwart von H<sub>2</sub>O erhitzt, so erhält man das blassrosa gefärbte Promethium(III)-oxichlorid (PmOCl).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Promethium(III)-bromid" title="Promethium(III)-bromid">Promethium(III)-bromid</a> (PmBr<sub>3</sub>) entsteht aus Pm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> durch Erhitzen im trockenen <a href="Bromwasserstoff" title="Bromwasserstoff">HBr</a>-Strom.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es ist rot und hat einen Schmelzpunkt von 660 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-HOWI_1942_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOWI_1942-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Promethium(III)-iodid" title="Promethium(III)-iodid">Promethium(III)-iodid</a> (PmI<sub>3</sub>) ist nicht aus Pm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> durch Reaktion mit <a href="Iodwasserstoff" title="Iodwasserstoff">HI</a>-<a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">H<sub>2</sub></a>-Gemischen darstellbar, es bildet sich stattdessen Promethium(III)-oxiiodid (PmOI). Durch Reaktion von Pm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> mit geschmolzenem <a href="Aluminiumiodid" title="Aluminiumiodid">Aluminiumiodid</a> (AlI<sub>3</sub>) bei 500 °C entsteht das gewünschte Produkt.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es ist rot und hat einen Schmelzpunkt von 695 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-HOWI_1942_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOWI_1942-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weitere_Verbindungen">Weitere Verbindungen</h3></div>
<p>Promethium(III)-hydroxid (Pm(OH)<sub>3</sub>) erhält man aus einer salzsauren Pm<sup>3+</sup>-Lösung durch Einleiten von NH<sub>3</sub>. Seine Farbe ist Violettrosa.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sicherheitshinweise">Sicherheitshinweise</h2></div>
<p>Einstufungen nach der <a href="Verordnung_(EG)_Nr._1272/2008_(CLP)" title="Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1272/2008 (CLP)">CLP-Verordnung</a> liegen nicht vor, weil diese nur die chemische Gefährlichkeit umfassen und eine völlig untergeordnete Rolle gegenüber den auf der <a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität">Radioaktivität</a> beruhenden Gefahren spielen. Auch Letzteres gilt nur, wenn es sich um eine dafür relevante Stoffmenge handelt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Fritz Weigel: <i>Chemie des Promethiums</i>, in: <i><a href="Fortschr._Chem._Forsch." class="mw-redirect" title="Fortschr. Chem. Forsch.">Fortschr. Chem. Forsch.</a></i>, <b>1969</b>, <i>12</i> (4), S. 539–621 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0051097" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1007/BFb0051097">doi:10.1007/BFb0051097</a>).</li>
<li><i><a href="Gmelins_Handbuch_der_anorganischen_Chemie" title="Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie">Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie</a></i>, System Nr. 39:
<ul><li>Teil B 1, S. 1–16, 119, 144–145, 158, 184</li>
<li>Teil B 2, S. 46, 94–96, 149, 215</li>
<li>Teil B 3, S. 69, 74–75</li>
<li>Teil B 5, S. 131–145</li>
<li>Teil B 6, S. 131–133, 156, 160</li>
<li>Teil B 7, S. 193</li>
<li>Teil C 1, S. 312–313</li>
<li>Teil C 2, S. 56–57, 261</li>
<li>Teil C 3, S. 194, 257</li>
<li>Teil C 4 b, S. 181–183</li>
<li>Teil C 5, S. 31</li>
<li>Teil C 6, S. 61–62, 192</li></ul></li>
<li>David R. Lide (Hrsg.): <i><a href="CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i>. 90. Auflage. (Internet-Version: 2010), CRC Press / Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton FL, <i>Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds</i>, S. 4-28.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li>
<li><i>Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry</i>, The Lanthanides, S. 42–44.</li>
<li><a href="James_E._Huheey" title="James E. Huheey">James E. Huheey</a>: <i>Anorganische Chemie</i>, 1. Auflage, de Gruyter, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-11-008163-6, S. 873–900.</li>
<li>John Emsley: <i>Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements</i>, Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-19-850340-7, S. 343–346 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&pg=PA343#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).</li>
<li><a href="Eric_Scerri" title="Eric Scerri">Eric Scerri</a>: <i>A tale of seven elements</i>, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Promethium?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Promethium</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Promethium" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Promethium">Wiktionary: Promethium</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<ul><li>Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roempp.thieme.de/lexicon/RD-16-04277"><i>Promethium</i></a>. In: <i><a href="R%C3%B6mpp_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Römpp Online">Römpp Online</a>.</i> Georg Thieme Verlag, abgerufen am 3. Januar 2015.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Binder-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Binder_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Binder_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Binder_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Binder_1-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Harry_H._Binder" title="Harry H. Binder">Harry H. Binder</a>: <i>Lexikon der chemischen Elemente</i>, S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-7776-0736-3, S. 487–491.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Werte für die Eigenschaften (Infobox) sind, wenn nicht anders angegeben, aus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/promethium/">www.webelements.com (Promethium)</a> entnommen.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NIST-ASD-promethium-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-promethium_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-promethium_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-promethium_3-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-promethium_3-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-promethium_3-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/ie.pl?spectra=promethium&units=1&e_out=0&unc_out=1&at_num_out=1&el_name_out=1&ion_charge_out=1&biblio=1"><i>promethium</i></a> in Kramida, A., Ralchenko, Yu., Reader, J. und NIST ASD Team (2019): <cite style="font-style:italic">NIST Atomic Spectra Database (ver. 5.7.1)</cite>. Hrsg.: <a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>, Gaithersburg, MD. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18434/T4W30F">10.18434/T4W30F</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/asd">physics.nist.gov/asd</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Promethium&rft.au=Kramida%2C+A.%2C+Ralchenko%2C+...&rft.btitle=NIST+Atomic+Spectra+Database+%28ver.+5.7.1%29&rft.doi=10.18434%2FT4W30F&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span> Abgerufen am 13. Juni 2020.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Webelements-promethium-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-promethium_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-promethium_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-promethium_4-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-promethium_4-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-promethium_4-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/promethium/atoms.html"><i>promethium</i></a> bei <i>WebElements, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com">www.webelements.com</a></i>, abgerufen am 13. Juni 2020.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Greenwood-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. N. Greenwood und A. Earnshaw: <i>Chemie der Elemente</i>, 1. Auflage, VCH, Weinheim 1988, ISBN 3-527-26169-9, S. 1579.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Weigel_578-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Weigel_578_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Weigel_578_6-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigel: <i>Chemie des Promethiums</i>, S. 578.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Weigel_577-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Weigel_577_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Weigel_577_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigel: <i>Chemie des Promethiums</i>, S. 577.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NV-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NV_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die von der Radioaktivität ausgehenden Gefahren gehören nicht zu den einzustufenden Eigenschaften nach der GHS-Kennzeichnung. In Bezug auf weitere Gefahren wurde dieses Element entweder noch nicht eingestuft oder eine verlässliche und zitierfähige Quelle hierzu wurde noch nicht gefunden. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Rolla, Lorenzo Fernandes: <i>Über das Element der Atomnummer 61</i>, in: <i><a href="Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_anorganische_und_allgemeine_Chemie" title="Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie">Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie</a></i>, <b>1926</b>, <i>157</i> (1), S. 371–381 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19261570129" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1002/zaac.19261570129">doi:10.1002/zaac.19261570129</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Rolla: <i>Florentium or Illinium?</i>, in: <i><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>, <b>1927</b>, <i>119</i>, S. 637–638 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/119637a0" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/119637a0">doi:10.1038/119637a0</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. A. Noyes: <i>Florentium or Illinium?</i>, in: <i><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>, <b>1927</b>, <i>120</i>, S. 14 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/120014c0" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/120014c0">doi:10.1038/120014c0</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Rolla: <i>Über das Element der Atomnummer 61 (Florentium)</i>, in: <i><a href="Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_anorganische_und_allgemeine_Chemie" title="Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie">Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie</a></i>, <b>1927</b>, <i>160</i>, S. 190–192 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19271600119" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1002/zaac.19271600119">doi:10.1002/zaac.19271600119</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Rolla: <i>Florentium</i>, in: <i><a href="Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_anorganische_und_allgemeine_Chemie" title="Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie">Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie</a></i>, <b>1927</b>, <i>163</i>, S. 40–42 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19271630104" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1002/zaac.19271630104">doi:10.1002/zaac.19271630104</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luigi Rolla: <i>Florentium. II</i>, in: <i><a href="Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_anorganische_und_allgemeine_Chemie" title="Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie">Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie</a></i>, <b>1928</b>, <i>169</i>, S. 319–320 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19281690128" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1002/zaac.19281690128">doi:10.1002/zaac.19281690128</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. A. Harris: <i>The Element of Atomic Number 61; Illinium</i>, in: <i><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>, <b>1926</b>, <i>117</i>, S. 792–793 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/117792a0" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/117792a0">doi:10.1038/117792a0</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bohuslav Brauner: <i>The New Element of Atomic Number 61: Illinium</i>, in: <i><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>, <b>1926</b>, <i>118</i>, S. 84–85 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/118084b0" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/118084b0">doi:10.1038/118084b0</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. J. Meyer: <i>Über das Element 61 (Illinium)</i>, in: <i><a href="Die_Naturwissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Naturwissenschaften">Naturwissenschaften</a></i>, <b>1926</b>, <i>14</i>, S. 771–772 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01490264" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1007/BF01490264">doi:10.1007/BF01490264</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin, Charles D. Coryell: <i>The Chemical Identification of Radioisotopes of Neodymium and of Element 61</i>, in: <i><a href="J._Am._Chem._Soc." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Am. Chem. Soc.">J. Am. Chem. Soc.</a></i>, <b>1947</b>, <i>69</i> (11), S. 2781–2785 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01203a059" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/ja01203a059">doi:10.1021/ja01203a059</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>: <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento a{color:inherit}
/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706071605/http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v36_1_03/article_02.shtml">Discovery of Promethium</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 6. Juli 2015 im </i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a><i>)</i>, in: <i>ORNL Review</i>, <b>2003</b>, <i>36</i> (1), eingesehen am 17. September 2006.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moses Attrep, Jr., P. K. Kuroda: <i>Promethium in Pitchblende</i>, in: <i><a href="Journal_of_Inorganic_and_Nuclear_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry">Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry</a></i>, <b>1968</b>, <i>30</i> (3), S. 699–703 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(68)80427-0" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/0022-1902(68)80427-0">doi:10.1016/0022-1902(68)80427-0</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Belli, R. Bernabei, F. Cappella, R. Cerulli, C. J. Dai, F. A. Danevich, A. d’Angelo, A. Incicchitti, V. V. Kobychev, S. S. Nagorny, S. Nisi, F. Nozzoli, D. Prosperi, V. I. Tretyak, S. S. Yurchenko: <i>Search for α Decay of Natural Europium</i>, in: <i><a href="Nuclear_Physics_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Physics A">Nuclear Physics A</a></i>, <b>2007</b>, <i>789</i>, S. 15–29 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.001" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.001">doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.001</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anonymous</i>: <i>Michigan astronomers discover promethium in star</i>, in: <i>Eos Trans. AGU</i>, <b>1971</b>, <i>52</i> (1), S. 10 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1971/EO052i001p00010-01.shtml">Abstract</a><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deadurl.invalid/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1971/EO052i001p00010-01.shtml">@1</a></span><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1971/EO052i001p00010-01.shtml">@2</a></span><span style="display:none">Vorlage:Toter Link/www.agu.org</span> <small>(Seite dauerhaft nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timetravel.mementoweb.org/list/2010/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1971/EO052i001p00010-01.shtml">Suche in Webarchiven</a>)</small>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/EO052i001p00010-01" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1029/EO052i001p00010-01">doi:10.1029/EO052i001p00010-01</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. F. Aller: <i>Promethium in the star HR 465</i>, in: <i><a href="Sky_%26_Telescope" title="Sky & Telescope">Sky & Telescope</a></i>, <b>1971</b>, <i>41</i>, S. 220–222.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. N. Davis: <i>The Possible Identification of Promethium in S Stars</i>, in: <i><a href="Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophysical Journal</a></i>, <b>1971</b>, <i>167</i>, S. 327–330 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1971ApJ...167..327D">Volltext</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. C. Wolff, N. D. Morrison: <i>Remarks on the Proposed Identification of Promethium in HR 465</i>, in: <i><a href="Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophysical Journal</a></i>, <b>1972</b>, <i>175</i>, S. 473–475 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1972ApJ...175..473W">Volltext</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. R. Cowley, M. F. Aller: <i>Comments on the Identification of Promethium in HR 465</i>, in: <i><a href="Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophysical Journal</a></i>, <b>1972</b>, <i>175</i>, S. 477–480 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1972ApJ...175..477C">Volltext</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Havnes, E. P. J. van den Heuvel, M. F. Aller, C. R. Cowley: <i>Is there Promethium in HR 465?</i>, in: <i><a href="Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i>, <b>1972</b>, <i>19</i>, S. 283–286 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1972A%26A....19..283H">Volltext</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Mitalas, J. M. Marlborough: <i>Some tests and consequences of the identification of promethium in HR 465</i>, in: <i><a href="Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophysical Journal</a></i>, <b>1973</b>, <i>181</i>, S. 475–480 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1973ApJ...181..475M">Volltext</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. R. Cowley, W. P. Bidelman, S. Hubrig, G. Mathys, D. J. Bord: <i>On the possible presence of promethium in the spectra of HD 101065 (Przybylski's star) and HD 965</i>, in: <i><a href="Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy and Astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></i>, <b>2004</b>, <i>419</i>, S. 1087–1093 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20035726" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035726">doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035726</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Fivet, P. Quinet, É. Biémont, A. Jorissen, A. V. Yushchenko, S. Van Eck: <i>Transition probabilities in singly ionized promethium and the identification of Pm II lines in Przybylski's star and HR 465</i>, in: <i><a href="Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>, September <b>2007</b>, <i>380</i> (2), S. 771–780 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12118.x" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12118.x">doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12118.x</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chung-Sin Lee: <i>Chemical Study on the Separation and Purification of Promethium-147</i>, in: <i><a href="Journal_of_Radioanalytical_and_Nuclear_Chemistry" title="Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry">Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry</a></i>, <b>1989</b>, <i>130</i>, S. 21 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02037697" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1007/BF02037697">doi:10.1007/BF02037697</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4819080"><i>Ion Exchange Purification of Promethium-147 and its Separation from Americium-241, with Diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid as the Eluant.</i></a> (PDF; 4,5 MB)<span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 18. September 2020</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APromethium&rft.title=Ion+Exchange+Purification+of+Promethium-147+and+its+Separation+from+Americium-241%2C+with+Diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic+acid+as+the+Eluant&rft.description=Ion+Exchange+Purification+of+Promethium-147+and+its+Separation+from+Americium-241%2C+with+Diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic+acid+as+the+Eluant&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fservlets%2Fpurl%2F4819080&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PM_METALL-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PM_METALL_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritz Weigel: <i>Darstellung von metallischem Promethium</i>, in: <i><a href="Angewandte_Chemie_(Zeitschrift)" title="Angewandte Chemie (Zeitschrift)">Angewandte Chemie</a></i>, <b>1963</b>, <i>75</i> (10), S. 451–451 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.19630751009" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1002/ange.19630751009">doi:10.1002/ange.19630751009</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-crystal_structure-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-crystal_structure_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. G. Pallmer, T. D. Chikalla: <i>The crystal structure of promethium</i>, in: <i><a href="Journal_of_the_Less_Common_Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Less Common Metals">Journal of the Less Common Metals</a></i>, <b>1971</b>, <i>24</i> (3), S. 233–236 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(71)90101-9" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/0022-5088(71)90101-9">doi:10.1016/0022-5088(71)90101-9</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Krebs-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Krebs_35-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Krebs_35-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Krebs: <i>The history and use of our earth's chemical elements: a reference guide.</i> 2. Auflage. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2, S. 286 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&pg=PA286#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roempp.thieme.de/lexicon/RD-16-04277"><i>Promethium</i></a>. In: <i><a href="R%C3%B6mpp_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Römpp Online">Römpp Online</a>.</i> Georg Thieme Verlag, abgerufen am 15. August 2011.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/radioluminescent/lawsight.htm">Oak Ridge Associated Universities: "Sight for LAW Rocket Launcher"</a> orau.org, 5. Juli 2016</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigel: <i>Chemie des Promethiums</i>, S. 591–594.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gmelin, 39 C 1, S. 312–313.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gmelin, 39 C 3, S. 194.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigel: <i>Chemie des Promethiums</i>, S. 587–588.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HOWI_1942-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HOWI_1942_42-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HOWI_1942_42-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HOWI_1942_42-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HOWI_1942_42-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Arnold_F._Holleman" title="Arnold F. Holleman">A. F. Holleman</a>, <a href="Egon_Wiberg" title="Egon Wiberg">E. Wiberg</a>, <a href="Nils_Wiberg" title="Nils Wiberg">N. Wiberg</a>: <i><a href="Holleman-Wiberg_Lehrbuch_der_Anorganischen_Chemie" title="Holleman-Wiberg Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie">Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</a>.</i> 102. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1, S. 1942.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigel: <i>Chemie des Promethiums</i>, S. 588–589.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gmelin, 39 C 5, S. 31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigel: <i>Chemie des Promethiums</i>, S. 590.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gmelin, 39 C 6, S. 61–62.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigel: <i>Chemie des Promethiums</i>, S. 591.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gmelin, 39 C 6, S. 192.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gmelin, 39 C 2, S. 56–57.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r260755238">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output div.klappleiste{border:1px solid var(--dewiki-rahmenfarbe1);clear:both;font-size:95%;box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:1.5em;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output div.klappleiste:after{clear:both;content:"";display:block}.mw-parser-output div.klappleiste-bild{float:left;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output div.klappleiste-kopf{background:var(--dewiki-hintergrundfarbe5);color:var(--color-base,#202122);text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output div.klappleiste.mw-collapsed .klappleiste-bild{display:none}.mw-parser-output div.klappleiste+div.klappleiste,.mw-parser-output div.klappleiste+link+div.klappleiste,.mw-parser-output div.klappleiste+link+link+div.klappleiste,.mw-parser-output div.klappleiste+link+style+div.klappleiste,.mw-parser-output div.klappleiste+style+div.klappleiste,.mw-parser-output div.klappleiste+style+style+div.klappleiste,.mw-parser-output div.klappleiste+style+link+div.klappleiste{margin-top:-1px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .klappleiste-bild span[typeof="mw:File"]:not(.skin-invert-image) img{background-color:#c8ccd1}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .klappleiste-bild span[typeof="mw:File"]:not(.skin-invert-image) img{background-color:#c8ccd1}}
/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style>
<div class="klappleiste mw-collapsible navileiste navigation-not-searchable center" role="navigation">
<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> der <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">Elemente</a></div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content">
<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">H</a>
</td>
<td style="width:93.75%" colspan="30">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Helium" title="Helium">He</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Bor" title="Bor">B</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff">C</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff">N</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">O</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Fluor" title="Fluor">F</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium">Si</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor">P</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel">S</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Chlor" title="Chlor">Cl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)">Ti</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom">Cr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Fe</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer">Cu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Zink" title="Zink">Zn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Selen" title="Selen">Se</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Brom" title="Brom">Br</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Niob" title="Niob">Nb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän">Mo</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Silber" title="Silber">Ag</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Indium" title="Indium">In</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn">Sn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur">Te</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Iod" title="Iod">I</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan">La</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Cer" title="Cer">Ce</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym">Pr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym">Nd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal">Ta</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Platin" title="Platin">Pt</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber">Hg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Blei" title="Blei">Pb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Astat" title="Astat">At</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Uran" title="Uran">U</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness">Ts</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="1" rules="all" style="border:1px solid #fff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="background:#ff4500" width="9.1%"><a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">Alkalimetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#ff8c00" width="9.1%"><a href="Erdalkalimetalle" title="Erdalkalimetalle">Erdalkalimetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#dda0dd" width="9.1%"><a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoide</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#da70d6" width="9.1%"><a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Actinoide</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#f08080" width="9.1%"><a href="%C3%9Cbergangsmetalle" title="Übergangsmetalle">Übergangsmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#a9a9a9" width="9.1%"><a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">Metalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#cd853f" width="9.1%"><a href="Halbmetalle" title="Halbmetalle">Halbmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#32cd32" width="9.1%"><a href="Nichtmetalle" title="Nichtmetalle">Nichtmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#f0e68c" width="9.1%"><a href="Halogene" title="Halogene">Halogene</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#87cefa" width="9.1%"><a href="Edelgase" title="Edelgase">Edelgase</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#dcdcdc" width="9%">Chemie unbekannt
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div>
<div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
<div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;">
<div>
Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4175917-5">4175917-5</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107404">sh85107404</a></span> </div>
</div></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-11-25" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Promethium&oldid=261872374">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>
</body></html>